Resumen El artículo se aproxima a la evolución de los temas políticos y su representación en las producciones verbales del jefe de Estado boliviano Carlos Mesa durante su mandato entre 2003 y 2005 -en un corpus constituido por más de doscientas alocuciones presidenciales producidas entonces-. La utilización de herramientas y procedimientos lexicométricos muestra la evolución, articulación y figuración temática de las agendas en los discursos presidenciales enunciados en un complejo escenario social.

Abstract This article approaches the evolution of political topics and their representation in the verbal production of Bolivian head of state Carlos Mesa during his mandate from 2003 to 2005 - in a corpus consisting of more than two hundred presidential discourses produced over that period-. The use of lexicometric tools and procedures displays the evolution, articulation and topical figuration of the agendas in the presidential speeches pronounced in a complex social context

Resumen La representación racial en el discurso postcolonial no es ajena a la naturaleza de la materialidad lingüística que construye y organiza el mundo social. Por su impacto local, destacan en la génesis del pensamiento postcolonial el francés Frantz Fanon y el boliviano Fausto Reinaga, cuyas obras manifiestan un marcado dualismo racial. A partir de la identificación de coordenadas lexico métricas, este trabajo describe sucintamente representaciones identitarias de tipo racial evocadas, por una parte, en Fanon (1952, 1961) y, por otra, en Reinaga (1970, 1971).

Racial representation in postcolonial discourse cannot be separated from the nature of the linguistic material which constructs and organizes the social world. Due to their impact in Bolivia, the French author Frantz Fanon and the Bolivian author Fausto Reinaga stand out in the gonesis of postcolonial thought, with works which manifest a marked racial dualism. Based on the identification of lexicometric coordinates, this article provides a succinct description of racial-type representations of identity evoked, on the one hand, by Fanon (1952, 1961) and on the other, by Reinaga (1970, 1971).

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is diagnosed by the detection of at least three criteria (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, hypertension, obesity and altered fasting glucose). Visceral fat excess would be the starting point for its development. Scientific evidence supports hypocaloric diets -mediterranean or low fat diet and rich in complex carbohydrates diet included- as the best treatment to reduce fat mass (FM), maximizing its impact by combining them with physical exercise (PE). However, the effects of these treatments on basal metabolic rate (BMR) of patients with MetS, are unknown. Objective: To study the effect of the hypocaloric diet -mediterranean or low fat diet- with or without PE on the BMR and body composition (BC) of adults with MetS. Methods: 36 volunteers, MetS, both sexes, > 50 years, meeting the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to a group of intervention (3 months) of hypocaloric diet: mediterranean diet (MED), low fat and rich in complex carbohydrates diet (CHO) and both combined with PE (MEDE and CHOE respectively). Anthropometric data was taken (weight, muscle mass (MM) and FM) and BMR was determined by indirect calorimetry, before and after intervention. Results: The addition of PE to both hypocaloric treatments produced greater FM loss and weight loss than dieting alone, being this loss in CHOE > MEDE (p < 0.05). These groups decreased the BMR after treatment being MEDE > CHOE (p < 0.05). Mediterranean diet with or without PE lost MM (p < 0.05) being MEDE > MED Conclusions: CHOE induces less reduction of BMR while supporting a better profile of BC than MEDE.

El Síndrome Metabólico (SMet) se diagnostica por el cumplimiento de al menos tres criterios: hipertrigliceridemia, HDL-C disminuido, hipertensión arterial, glucemia alterada en ayunas y obesidad. Dicha obesidad constituiría el punto inicial para el desarrollo del SMet. Según la evidencia científica, las dietas hipocalóricas, incluyendo la mediterránea y la reducida en grasa con alto contenido en carbohidratos, reducen la masa grasa (MG) de estos pacientes y su efecto se potencia al combinarse con ejercicio físico (EF), pero se desconoce aún su influencia sobre la tasa metabólica basal (TMB). Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de dos dietas hipocalóricas: mediterránea y baja en grasas, combinadas o no con EF, sobre la TMB y la composición corporal (CC) de adultos con SMet. Métodos: 36 voluntarios, > 50 años, ambos sexos, con diagnóstico de SMet. Se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de los cuatro grupos de intervención: Dieta hipocalórica mediterránea (MED), Dieta hipocalórica baja en grasa (CHO) ó ambas asociadas a EF (MEDE y CHOE respectivamente). Se evaluó CC (antropometría) y TMB (calorimetría indirecta) antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La adición de EF a los dos tratamientos hipocalóricos produjo mayor pérdida de peso y MG que las dietas por sí solas, siendo esta pérdida en CHOE > MEDE (p < 0,05). Dichos grupos descendieron la TMB siendo MEDE > CHOE (p < 0,05). La Dieta Mediterránea, combinada o no con EF, disminuyó la MM siendo MEDE > MED (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: CHOE fue el tratamiento que mayor pérdida de peso y MG produjo, induciendo menor reducción de TMB y manteniendo un mejor perfil de CC que MEDE.

A frutose, por seu metabolismo independente da insulina, realiza significativas alterações no metabolismo hepático, promovendo um entorno metabólico favorável ao metabolismo tanto da glicose como dos lipídios, durante o exercício. Essa condição tem sido bastante estudada em exercício de endurance; no entanto, nenhum estudo sobre a suplementação com frutose no exercício de força (EF) foi encontrado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos agudos da adição de frutose a um suplemento de glicose sobre o metabolismo de lipídios em EF. Vinte homens treinados ingeriram suplemento de glicose (G) ou glicose mais frutose (G+F), 15 minutos antes de realizar exercício de força (10 séries de 10 repetições). Os sujeitos foram testados em ordem randômica em um desenho cruzado e com uma semana de intervalo em duas condições experimentais: EF+(G) e EF+(G+F). A análise dos resultados mostrou que os valores de triglicérides durante o exercício foram maiores (p < 0,05) quando os sujeitos foram suplementados com G+F do que quando suplementados apenas com G. Ao final do exercício, os valores de ácidos graxos livres foram maiores quando os sujeitos foram suplementados G+F (p < 0,05). A glicemia foi menor durante o exercício e maior na recuperação (p < 0,05) para essa condição. O comportamento da insulina não diferiu entre os experimentos durante o exercício de força (p > 0,05), mas foi maior em G+F que em G (p < 0,05) durante a recuperação. A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foi menor (p < 0,05) para a suplementação com G+F do que com G. Em conclusão, a suplementação com G+F afeta positivamente o metabolismo de lipídios durante o exercício de força e favorece seu metabolismo imediatamente após o esforço, proporcionando condição metabólica que reflete em uma condição que afeta favoravelmente a PSE.

Due to its insulin-independent metabolism, fructose promotes significant changes in liver metabolism, promoting a metabolic surrounding favorable to the glucose as well as lipids metabolism during the exercise. This condition has been widely studied in endurance exercises; however, none study about fructose supplementation in strength exercise (SE) was found. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of the fructose addition to a glucose supplement on lipid metabolism in strength exercise. Twenty trained male subjects ingested a glucose (G) or glucose plus fuctose (G+F) supplement, 15 minutes before practicing a strength exercise (10 sets of 10 repetitions). The subjects were tested randomly in a crossover design and with a week of pause in two experimental conditions: SE+(G) and SE+(G+F). The analysis of the results showed that values of triglycerides during the exercise were higher (p < 0.05) when the subjects were supplemented with G+F than when they were supplemented only with G. By the end of the exercise the values of free fatty acid were higher when in G+F (p < 0.05). Glycemia was lower during the exercise and higher in the recovery (p < 0.05) in this condition. Insulin values did not differ among the experiments during strength exercises (p > 0.05), but they were higher in G+F than in G (p < 0.05) during recovery. Perceived exertion (PE) was lower (p < 0.05) in G+F than in G. It can be concluded that the G+F supplementation positively affects the lipid metabolism during the strength exercise and favors its metabolism immediately after the effort, promoting a metabolic condition that reflects on a condition that favorably affects the PE.